Ignoring the fact that you're being a huge jackass despite many of us trying our best NOT to come off that way... I'm working my way through you references and providing my analysis.
Ohman et.al. Annals of Family Medicine 6: 14-22
http://www.annfammed.org/cgi/conten...ance&volume=6&firstpage=14&resourcetype=HWCIT
First, this study only looks at whether practices with NPs outperform those with PAs and physician only groups. Second, this is only in NJ and part of Penn. Third, the sample sizes were exceptionally small (N= 28 MD/DO only, N=9 for PA or NP). Fourth, in the practices that employ both MD/DOs and NPs, the study does not separate results of those NPs and those physicians. For all we know, this could just be a referendum on physicians who choose to practice without NPs (maybe they're less likely to keep up with current recommendations). Fifth, the study only uses laboratory values in this study. There is no mention of any physical findings or glucose log interpretation (which is arguably more important since A1c is only an average. A patient could have values ranging from 40-300 and still have an OK A1c and we can all agree that it isn't healthy). Now, with that out of the way, lets look at the results of NP v. MD/DO only. There were only 3 areas where NP/MO practices outperformed MD only ones were assessing A1c, assessing lipids in last 12 months, treating/assessing lipids and at goal for lipids if not treated. There were no other significant results. It also lacks any kind of evaluation on which provider type practice was better at getting patients to their goal. In short - Grade D (poorly designed, results not impressive nor based on outcome or actual clinical findings, need to compare MD only v. NP only settings)
Mundinger et.al. JAMA 283(1) 59-68
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/1/59
The first statistically significant result in the meat of this paper is that patients saw their physician providers higher than their NP providers (p=.05) when measuring for technical skill, personal manner, and time spent with patients. The only other significant finding was that for hypertensive patients, NPs had a diastolic BP of 82mmHg compared with the 85mmHg for physicians. However, the study authors noted that as this was a small difference and both were within the guidelines for hypertension the is unlikely to actually mean much. Lastly, the authors note a number of study limitations. First, all of these patients were seen at academic primary care offices. Second, all of the patients were non-English speaking medicaid patients. Third, the three conditions under study are things that most 4th year medical students would feel comfortable managing. Heck, I spent a month in our diabetes clinic and the only time I had trouble was with pumps.
Study Grade - C+ (done OK, areas of study weak)
Kinnersley et.al. BMJ 320(7241) 1043-1048
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1043
This study has a lot going on. First, the statistically significant values. Overall, patient satisfaction was higher with nurses (except being told of their diagnosis). This was determined to be a result of increased time per visit and increased explanations (leading to higher time spent). However, in the patients who saw GPs, 73% would seek GP care in the future and only 8% would seek nursing care while in the NP group 32% said they would seek nursing care again while 48% said they would seek GP care in the future. In terms out outcomes, there were no clinically significant differences except some statistical significance in half the practices showing that NPs would recommend follow-up. Moving on, there are a number of limitations to the study. 30% of patients were their for URIs. The follow-up surveys which measured symptom resolution were given 2 weeks after the visit. We all know that most URIs will get better on their own within 2 weeks. These patients could have seen a monkey and gotten better within 2 weeks. The rest were a mix of the standard things GPs deal with (emesis, diarrhea, rashes, allergic/endocrine, and so on) that as mentioned previously can be handled by 4th year medical students without difficulty especially given that this was acute care only. It is also worth noting that 30% of patients were unconcerned about their symptoms which raises a host of questions about why they were there and what was actually wrong with them. It is also worth noting that none of these were NP only practices and the authors note that in about half of the practices, if viewed separately, patients were more satisfied with GP care yet looking at the other half we did not see the same results about NP care.
Study Grade - B (decently designed, no difference in outcomes, satisfaction difference in only about half of practices).
Shum et.al. BMJ 320(7241) 1038-1043
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1038
Once again, study was only at 5 practices and none of them NP-only. As usual, no significant outcome differences. In this case, 50% of cases were "respiratory disease" and since this was same day acute-care visits, I don't think it is unreasonable to assume that URIs make up a substantial portion. Another 15% was MSK problems and, like URIs, those tend to heal up on their own no matter what we do. Another 10% was skin conditions (rashes) which most any medical person should be able to handle. It is also worth nothing that each NP had to have their Rx signed by a doctor so there was reasonable oversight. As expected, satisfaction scores were higher for nurses, however there is a statistically significant higher satisfaction with the depth of the relationship when patients see GPs as opposed to NPs. As in the previous study, half of the GP patients would want to see the GP again while only 8% of NP patients would want to see the NP with 1/3rd wanting to see the GP next time.
Study Grade - B (very similar to previous study)
Venning et.al. BMJ 320(7241) 1048-1053
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1048
This study mainly looks at cost-effectiveness, as outcomes were similar and satisfaction was higher in the nursing group as was time spent. Looking at costs as a function of salary, we find the follow: costs as related to total time spent were identical in both groups. This was found to be correlated with the increased return visits recommended by nurses and the increased number of additional testing ordered by nurses which the study calls "opportunistic screening".
Study Grade - B+ (well designed for what it was investigating)
So, in review. Nurses achieved higher satisfaction scores on the whole and in each case there was more time spent talking with the patient. This is nothing new. Everyone everywhere knows that more face time with your provider makes patients happier. Outcomes showed no significance in any of the studies. Nurses were no more cost-effective than physicians, when adjusted for salary owing to increased follow-up and testing again with no outcome differences.
Basically patients like y'all more, likely because you spend more time explaining things to them. There were no outcome differences. You aren't more cost effective. These studies only looked at very basic conditions most if not all of which a decent 4th year medical student could do.
Color me unimpressed.