I think "winged scapula" is up there on popularity- or maybe it's just one of the first 'buzzwords' they begin drilling into our heads so it's quite memorable. Anyhoo, here's a few that come to mind (albeit not the most popular):
"Nutmeg liver" Rt. sided heart failure
"Double bubble" sign on x-ray and "Brushfield spots" Trisomy 21
"Bloody tap on lumbar puncture" Subarachnoid hemorrhage
"Lucid interval" Epidural hematoma
"Streak ovaries" Turner's syndrome
"Signet ring cells" Gastric carcinoma
"Keratin pearls" Squamous cell carcinoma
"Notching of ribs" on x-ray Coarctation of aorta
"Flea Bitten kidneys" Postinfectious Glomerularnephritis (although i believe its also seen in malignant hypertension)
"basophilic stippling (in poisoning): lead poisoning
"Mallory Weiss tears" -esophagus of chronic alcoholics
"onion skinning" in renal arterioles: malignant hypertension
Now some micro...(not exactly buzz-words, but what the hay):
"Cherry-red epiglottis" in drooling child? H. influenza
"swollen, subcutan lesion/s from being stuck with thorny plant"/"cigar shaped yeast: Sporothrix schencki
"blue-green pus of burned tissue w/sweet grapelike odor"
pseudomonas aeruginosa
"red, currant jelly sputum" Klebsiella pneumoniae
"bird-cage cleaner w/ pneumonia" chlamydia psittaci
"janeway lesions" bacterial endocarditis