I don't advise against a free market, I say that a free market is a transitional state that needs external regulations to stop it from evolving to a monopoly.
"Let's think about this objectively. If a monopoly arose in an actual free market(which the US isn't even close to), why would that be a bad thing? Their monopoly would arise simply out of superiority to their competition, and producing a better product. This would allow them to essentially have complete market control and thus set their prices. It's a reward for being great at what you are doing."
Their reward for being great is being market leader. Establishing a monopoly would replace the market and take away any incentive to continue to be great/improving.
"Pretend you got a 280 on step 1, so obviously you kicked a**, took names and are like " give me a boss job because I'm a boss." right? Damn right, because you've earned it. Except you did too well on step 1, so we are going to knock your score down to 230, so that you play nice with all the people who couldn't do as well as you. Sick idea, right? Oh wait no, because it's not like you magically got a 280(probability wise, though I guess it's possible), you worked for it! So why should your score be reduced so that others who couldn't do as well as you would look more favorable and receive better outcomes? Good question."
This parallel would only make sense if your 280 score allowed you to take up ALL of the residency spots, because then you would replace the market (lots of students trying to get a spot) with a monopoly.
"Now let's look at doing well on step 1 as a relatively free market. There aren't many obstructions preventing from one student prospering while another does so successfully. Because of this, we don't see a monopoly on scores where a few people get 280+ and then a huge drop off where the next group is at 250. The more and more we give students the freedom to study and they wish, the more we allow them to score as high as possible. However the more we restrict and specify their studying, they are subject to the quality of the plan itself. (Hence why I feel schools shouldn't teach to the boards)"
STEP 1 is not a market very subject to a monopoly, take another example though, the healthcare of a city. One group of hospitals can provide the best and cheapest care, putting all their competition out of business, after that they can easily raise their prices and lower their nurse/patient ratio, because what are you gone do, go somewhere else? (this is also why a hospital would pay above market price to buy out competing practices in the same area)
"The reason a free market never exhibits monopolies is that low barriers of entry prevent any company from gaining a dominant enough market share for a significant amount of time to be able to sustain losses to prevent all competitors in their industry from prospering. As we intervene more, and set incredibly high standards such as EPA requirements, it becomes much much harder for a new businesses to start, and thus there is less competition. When you have less competition, it's obviously easier to have a monopoly for a plethora of reasons.
A natural monopoly like your example never happens in a free market. I don't deny that economies of scale exist, however without huge imposing regulations that prevent new businesses from operating/forming, it's not nearly as powerful of an impact as you suggest. There are also costs to being a large company, it's not all just rainbows and pots of gold.
Think about it this way, if tomorrow the government put out some regulation that required 500 million dollars of changes to be made to a companies facilities for them to stay legally operating, how many companies in each industry would be able to do so? Now think about the human spirit and how competitive people are, and how infrequently one group of people is going to maintain a significant enough advantage over another to remove their lively-hood. "
You make a couple good points in this part. Do also consider that bigger companies have the resources to have an accounting department (=minimizing taxes paid), lobbying department (=influencing regulations to where they are more favorable to them and increase barriers to competition) etc. It is a fine balance indeed between over regulating and leaving a market to free (like what we saw in 19th century England, this increased the net wealth of the country but actually decreased life expectancy until the government intervened and taxed some of the extra wealth and used it to fund sewage/better roads/schooling/etc.)
Don't get me wrong, I am completely opposed to to much government involvement (it creates weaknesses because companies aren't forced to be efficient, hence me mentioning China as a potential weakness in the global financial system).
"This is pretty common economic theory. I just don't understand where this sentiment comes from. Not to mention why people link monopoly with being a bad thing( if it's earned naturally, not by back-room deals with the government). If someone is amazingly good at what they do, you bet they deserve to run the show. The problem is when the government does stuff that allows a company to run the show, that hasn't done anything extraordinary. If there was such a thing as a natural monopoly, it would be well-deserved. However, there still isn't. Saying it would be bad, is like looking at a surgeon and saying, "oh I don't care how hard you work, how smart you are, etc, you make enough money so we're just going to cap you. How would that go? "
Because once a monopoly is achieved they have absolutely no incentive to continue innovating or being good.
Ancient Egypt for the first part of its recorded history consisted of several different kingdoms. These kingdoms where constantly competing and all of Egypt quickly evolved and became more efficient. One of the kingdoms evolved faster and took over the others, after that we have thousands of years of stability and prestige projects (the pyramids), while progress virtually stopped.