what do you think you will gain in training and overall preparedness by going to a top institution for training over your peers who go to less qualified but still solid programs? When you go looking for jobs, will your pedigree matter? Will you land a cushier/higher paying job compared to your less pedigreed colleagues??
I will answer this with the full acknowledgment that I am a lowly, prepubescent PGY-1
1) academic horsepower, i.e., research support and quicker opportunities to teach
2) possibly better networking (top programs sometimes have more wide-reaching alumni bases = more networking in more locations, even cross-country)
3) better fellowship opportunities (the top feeds the top as the saying goes)
4) some difference in pathology/patients, though if you're talking "top" academic center vs. solid academic center, this distinction goes away
5) street cred in fields outside of medicine. Very important for dual degree folks like me. When you're trying to straddle two fields, name recognition becomes one of the only ways I can persuade people in field B to give me a chance instead of others who've spent their whole lives in doing B
I personally did not choose a top academic program with future clinical jobs in mind. In additional to the above list, I also needed access to an academic program at the affiliated university to continue my work in field B. Any physician out of any ACGME residency is going to land a >90th percentile income job. More often than not, the cush, high-paying jobs have nothing to do with academics and/or teaching. So the answer to your latter 2 questions is a clear no (in
most cases). If you want to subsubspecialize in some esoteric thing, though, going to the "top" program in your field is the best way of opening that path