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http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2587644
Ultra–High-Dose Opioids With Low Efficacy
and Significant Harm—Time to Make a Change
A Teachable Moment
Story From the Front Lines
A woman in her 50s presented for medically managed
withdrawal from ultra–high-dose opioid therapy for
chronic back pain. Her pain began following a back in-
jury in 1983 that resulted in multiple herniated discs. Tar-
geted injections of chymopapain to dissolve her dis-
placed discs instead left her with arachnoiditis. Over the
next decade, she underwent multiple lumbar spine sur-
gical procedures and at one point returned to work, but
an accidental fall aggravated her injury, rendering her in-
definitely unable to work. Her pain was then managed
with methadone but, concerned about oversedating
effects, she underwent inpatient detoxification. At-
tempts at pain control using nonopioid medication failed
to provide adequate relief, so she was prescribed oxyco-
done, 15 mg, 4 times a day, or 90 mg of morphine equiva-
lent daily dose (MEDD).
By 2000, her dose had escalated nearly 9-fold to
780 mg MEDD. To attempt more localized therapy, she
received an intrathecal pump with baclofen and hydro-
morphone. While it provided the best relief to date, her
doses escalated until she was hospitalized for respira-
tory failure requiring intubation and naloxone. Her in-
trathecal medications were then reduced and supple-
mented with oral hydromorphone. Following a pump
revision in 2008, she acquired a methicillin-resistant
Staphylococus aureus
infection, leading to permanent
pump discontinuation. Instead, she was prescribed
oxycodone at 1620 mg MEDD. After a few years taking
this dose, she was admitted for abdominal pain, weight
loss, and early satiety thought to be narcotic bowel syn-
drome following an extensive workup.
When the patient presented in 2016 to our outpa-
tient pain clinic, she was still prescribed oxycodone, 1620
mg MEDD, in addition to carisoprodol, 5600 mg, and lor-
azepam, 4 mg daily. Functionally, she remained severely
limited—mostly housebound, requiring a scooter for mo-
bility. Her stated functional goal was to be able to visit her
brother and participate in family celebrations. Agreeing
to lower her oxycodone dose but anxious about slowly ta-
pering, she agreed to acutely withdraw. Once admitted,
opioids were abruptly discontinued. She was monitored
using the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS), and
buprenorphine-naloxone was started roughly 12 hours fol-
lowing her last oxycodone dose (COWS = 18) to avoid pre-
cipitating withdrawal. She responded positively with
enough pain control to continue off full-agonist therapy
without further functional impairment and had an early
benefit of craving food for “the first time in years.”
Teachable Moment
This case illustrates the difficulty in treating chronic non–
cancer-related pain and the out-of-control opioid dos-
ing that can occur when clinicians exhaust alternative
treatments in someone with unrelenting pain desensi-
tized to opioids. The current guidance—continue opi-
oids only if benefit is outweighing harm—would have
served this patient well. She continued to receive opi-
oids over multiple decades despite low efficacy and com-
plications, including hospital admissions for bowel is-
sues, deconditioning, and respiratory failure.
It is perhaps not surprising that this patient contin-
ued to receive opioids despite her related hospitaliza-
tions and limited functional benefit. A retrospective
study examining the treatment patterns of patients
receiving long-term opioids for chronic non–cancer-
related pain showed that 91% of patients hospitalized
for a nonfatal opioid overdose continued to be pre-
scribed them.
1
Patients receiving high-dose therapy
(>100 mg MEDD) had a 17% risk of repeated overdose
within 2 years.
Evidence for long-term opioid therapy in chronic
non–cancer-related pain is weak at best.
2
As opioid over-
use has become a major public health issue, clinicians are
urged to identify patients who may benefit from dose
reduction or discontinuation, for example, patients for
whom opioids have diminishing analgesic effects or are
associated with significant harm.
Guidelines for tapering opioids are still being
developed.
3
As in this case, patients may have anxiety
in anticipation of discomfort related to a lengthy taper.
Significant risks for failing the attempt to taper include
depression, high starting doses, and high baseline pain.
3
For such patients, detoxification can offer a faster
transition.
Opioid detoxification is typically either outpatient
or inpatient, the latter in hospitals or residential facili-
ties. Hospitals are generally reserved for patients with
comorbid medical or psychiatric illnesses, while residen-
tial facilities are preferred for patients who may require
24-hour supervision but not daily physician contact.
While health insurance plans may cover inpatient ad-
missions for opioid detoxification, these are generally ap-
proved for a limited time and with specific criteria, some-
times requiring a failed outpatient trial.
Buprenorphine’s role in chronic
pain following full-
agonist therapy remains to be established, although
findings from observational studies are encouraging.